Deardorff's Glossary of International Economics

- X -

X	In economic models involving international trade, X is usually chosen to represent exports, and M to represent imports, perhaps because E and I have too many other uses.

X-efficiency

The ability of a firm to get maximum output from its inputs. Failure to do so, called X-inefficiency or technical inefficiency, may be due to lack of incentives provided by competition. Improvement in X-efficiency is one hypothesized source of gain from trade. Term is due to Leibenstein (1966).

From here on, X is for Experimental. Since I don't yet have very many terms to define that begin with X, I'm using most of this page to record and try out various pieces of HTML code. That's my grandson up on the corner, quite a few years ago.

Getting Symbols in HTML:

To access symbols in HTML, use the "symbol" face with the font tag, as follows:

By the Letters

If you say <font face="symbol">x</font>, where x is any character in the table below, you will get the symbol shown for it.

Example:	Write	<font face="symbol">a</font>
	Get	a

Unshifted		Shifted

a	a	A	A
b	b	B	B
c	c	C	C
d	d	D	D
e	e	E	E
f	f	F	F
g	g	G	G
h	h	H	H
i	i	I	I
j	j	J	J

Unshifted		Shifted

k	k	K	K
l	l	L	L
m	m	M	M
n	n	N	N
o	o	O	O
p	p	P	P
q	q	Q	Q
r	r	R	R
s	s	S	S
t	t	T	T

Unshifted		Shifted

u	u	U	U
v	v	V	V
w	w	W	W
x	x	X	X
y	y	Y	Y
z	z	Z	Z
1	1	!	!
2	2	@	@
3	3	#	#
4	4	$	$

Unshifted		Shifted

5	5	%	%
6	6	^	^
7	7	&	&
8	8	*	*
9	9	(	(
0	0	)	)
`	`	~	~
-	-	_	_
=	=	+	+
[	[	{	{

Unshifted		Shifted

]	]	}	}
\	\	\|	\|
;	;	:	:
'	'	"	"
,	,	<	<
.	.	>	>
/	/	?	?

By the numbers

Or you can do it by the numbers. Put &#xxx; in place of the character, where xxx is one of the numbers in the table below. In that case you'll get the symbol shown in the table.

Example:	Write	<font face="symbol">"</font>
	Get	"
(Without the font tag, &#xxx; will just get you the ascii character. This useful for a few of them that cannot be gotten from the keyboard. See the second table below.)

#	Symbol	#	Symbol	#	Symbol	#	Symbol	#	Symbol	#	Symbol	#	Symbol	#	Symbol
		60	<	90	Z	120	x	150	–	180	´	210	Ò	240	ð
		61	=	91	[	121	y	151	—	181	µ	211	Ó	241	ñ
		62	>	92	\	122	z	152	˜	182	¶	212	Ô	242	ò
33	!	63	?	93	]	123	{	153	™	183	·	213	Õ	243	ó
34	"	64	@	94	^	124	\|	154	š	184	¸	214	Ö	244	ô
35	#	65	A	95	_	125	}	155	›	185	¹	215	×	245	õ
36	$	66	B	96	`	126	~	156	œ	186	º	216	Ø	246	ö
37	%	67	C	97	a	127		157		187	»	217	Ù	247	÷
38	&	68	D	98	b	128	€	158	ž	188	¼	218	Ú	248	ø
39	'	69	E	99	c	129		159	Ÿ	189	½	219	Û	249	ù
40	(	70	F	100	d	130	‚	160		190	¾	220	Ü	250	ú
41	)	71	G	101	e	131	ƒ	161	¡	191	¿	221	Ý	251	û
42	*	72	H	102	f	132	„	162	¢	192	À	222	Þ	252	ü
43	+	73	I	103	g	133	…	163	£	193	Á	223	ß	253	ý
44	,	74	J	104	h	134	†	164	¤	194	Â	224	à	254	þ
45	-	75	K	105	i	135	‡	165	¥	195	Ã	225	á
46	.	76	L	106	j	136	ˆ	166	¦	196	Ä	226	â
47	/	77	M	107	k	137	‰	167	§	197	Å	227	ã
48	0	78	N	108	l	138	Š	168	¨	198	Æ	228	ä
49	1	79	O	109	m	139	‹	169	©	199	Ç	229	å
50	2	80	P	110	n	140	Œ	170	ª	200	È	230	æ
51	3	81	Q	111	o	141		171	«	201	É	231	ç
52	4	82	R	112	p	142	Ž	172	¬	202	Ê	232	è
53	5	83	S	113	q	143		173		203	Ë	233	é
54	6	84	T	114	r	144		174	®	204	Ì	234	ê
55	7	85	U	115	s	145	‘	175	¯	205	Í	235	ë
56	8	86	V	116	t	146	’	176	°	206	Î	236	ì
57	9	87	W	117	u	147	“	177	±	207	Ï	237	í
58	:	88	X	118	v	148	”	178	²	208	Ð	238	î
59	;	89	Y	119	w	149	•	179	³	209	Ñ	239	ï

Without font tag:

#	Symbol	#	Symbol	#	Symbol	#	Symbol	#	Symbol	#	Symbol	#	Symbol	#	Symbol	#	Symbol	#	Symbol
		60	<	90	Z	120	x	150	–	180	´	210	Ò	240	ð	270	Ď
		61	=	91	[	121	y	151	—	181	µ	211	Ó	241	ñ	271	ď
		62	>	92	\	122	z	152	˜	182	¶	212	Ô	242	ò	272	Đ
33	!	63	?	93	]	123	{	153	™	183	·	213	Õ	243	ó	273	đ	537	ș
34	"	64	@	94	^	124	\|	154	š	184	¸	214	Ö	244	ô	274	Ē
35	#	65	A	95	_	125	}	155	›	185	¹	215	×	245	õ	275	ē
36	$	66	B	96	`	126	~	156	œ	186	º	216	Ø	246	ö	276	Ĕ
37	%	67	C	97	a	127		157		187	»	217	Ù	247	÷	277	ĕ
38	&	68	D	98	b	128	€	158	ž	188	¼	218	Ú	248	ø	278	Ė
39	'	69	E	99	c	129		159	Ÿ	189	½	219	Û	249	ù	279	ė
40	(	70	F	100	d	130	‚	160		190	¾	220	Ü	250	ú	280	Ę	772	̄
41	)	71	G	101	e	131	ƒ	161	¡	191	¿	221	Ý	251	û	281	ę ;	x+772	x̄
42	*	72	H	102	f	132	„	162	¢	192	À	222	Þ	252	ü
43	+	73	I	103	g	133	…	163	£	193	Á	223	ß	253	ý
44	,	74	J	104	h	134	†	164	¤	194	Â	224	à	254	þ
45	-	75	K	105	i	135	‡	165	¥	195	Ã	225	á	255	ÿ
46	.	76	L	106	j	136	ˆ	166	¦	196	Ä	226	â	256	Ā
47	/	77	M	107	k	137	‰	167	§	197	Å	227	ã	257	ā
48	0	78	N	108	l	138	Š	168	¨	198	Æ	228	ä	258	Ă
49	1	79	O	109	m	139	‹	169	©	199	Ç	229	å	259	ă
50	2	80	P	110	n	140	Œ	170	ª	200	È	230	æ	260	Ą
51	3	81	Q	111	o	141		171	«	201	É	231	ç	261	ą	8216	‘
52	4	82	R	112	p	142	Ž	172	¬	202	Ê	232	è	262	Ć	8217	’
53	5	83	S	113	q	143		173		203	Ë	233	é	263	ć	8218	‚
54	6	84	T	114	r	144		174	®	204	Ì	234	ê	264	Ĉ	8219	‛
55	7	85	U	115	s	145	‘	175	¯	205	Í	235	ë	265	ĉ	8220	“
56	8	86	V	116	t	146	’	176	°	206	Î	236	ì	266	Ċ	8221	”
57	9	87	W	117	u	147	“	177	±	207	Ï	237	í	267	ċ
58	:	88	X	118	v	148	”	178	²	208	Ð	238	î	268	Č	8804	≤
59	;	89	Y	119	w	149	•	179	³	209	Ñ	239	ï	269	č	8805	≥

&xxx; gives &xxx; gives
α α Α Α
β β Β Β
γ γ Γ Γ
δ δ Δ Δ
ε ε Ε Ε
ζ ζ Ζ Ζ
η η Η Η
θ θ Θ Θ
ι ι Ι Ι
κ κ Κ Κ
λ λ Λ Λ
ν ν Ν Ν
ξ ξ Ξ Ξ
ο ο Ο Ο
π π Π Π
ρ ρ Ρ Ρ
σ σ Σ Σ
τ τ Τ Τ
υ υ Υ Υ
φ φ Φ Φ
χ χ Χ Χ
ψ ψ Ψ Ψ
ω ω Ω Ω

&xxx;	gives	&xxx;	gives
α	α	Α	Α
β	β	Β	Β
γ	γ	Γ	Γ
δ	δ	Δ	Δ
ε	ε	Ε	Ε
ζ	ζ	Ζ	Ζ
η	η	Η	Η
θ	θ	Θ	Θ
ι	ι	Ι	Ι
κ	κ	Κ	Κ
λ	λ	Λ	Λ
ν	ν	Ν	Ν
ξ	ξ	Ξ	Ξ
ο	ο	Ο	Ο
π	π	Π	Π
ρ	ρ	Ρ	Ρ
σ	σ	Σ	Σ
τ	τ	Τ	Τ
υ	υ	Υ	Υ
φ	φ	Φ	Φ
χ	χ	Χ	Χ
ψ	ψ	Ψ	Ψ
ω	ω	Ω	Ω

Testof various HTML codes:

$H(x)∫$ ₀^∞ e^-st h(t) dt

α β γ δ
Α Β Γ Δ
300: Ĭ
301: ĭ
302: Į
303: į
304: İ
305: ı
306: Ĳ

#	Symbol	#	Symbol	#	Symbol	#	Symbol	#	Symbol	#	Symbol	#	Symbol	#	Symbol
		60	<	90	Z	120	x	150	–	180	´	210	Ò	240	ð
		61	=	91	[	121	y	151	—	181	µ	211	Ó	241	ñ
		62	>	92	\	122	z	152	˜	182	¶	212	Ô	242	ò
33	!	63	?	93	]	123	{	153	™	183	·	213	Õ	243	ó
34	"	64	@	94	^	124	\|	154	š	184	¸	214	Ö	244	ô
35	#	65	A	95	_	125	}	155	›	185	¹	215	×	245	õ
36	$	66	B	96	`	126	~	156	œ	186	º	216	Ø	246	ö
37	%	67	C	97	a	127		157		187	»	217	Ù	247	÷
38	&	68	D	98	b	128	€	158	ž	188	¼	218	Ú	248	ø
39	'	69	E	99	c	129		159	Ÿ	189	½	219	Û	249	ù
40	(	70	F	100	d	130	‚	160		190	¾	220	Ü	250	ú
41	)	71	G	101	e	131	ƒ	161	¡	191	¿	221	Ý	251	û
42	*	72	H	102	f	132	„	162	¢	192	À	222	Þ	252	ü
43	+	73	I	103	g	133	…	163	£	193	Á	223	ß	253	ý
44	,	74	J	104	h	134	†	164	¤	194	Â	224	à	254	þ
45	-	75	K	105	i	135	‡	165	¥	195	Ã	225	á
46	.	76	L	106	j	136	ˆ	166	¦	196	Ä	226	â
47	/	77	M	107	k	137	‰	167	§	197	Å	227	ã
48	0	78	N	108	l	138	Š	168	¨	198	Æ	228	ä
49	1	79	O	109	m	139	‹	169	©	199	Ç	229	å
50	2	80	P	110	n	140	Œ	170	ª	200	È	230	æ
51	3	81	Q	111	o	141		171	«	201	É	231	ç
52	4	82	R	112	p	142	Ž	172	¬	202	Ê	232	è
53	5	83	S	113	q	143		173		203	Ë	233	é
54	6	84	T	114	r	144		174	®	204	Ì	234	ê
55	7	85	U	115	s	145	‘	175	¯	205	Í	235	ë
56	8	86	V	116	t	146	’	176	°	206	Î	236	ì
57	9	87	W	117	u	147	“	177	±	207	Ï	237	í
58	:	88	X	118	v	148	”	178	²	208	Ð	238	î
59	;	89	Y	119	w	149	•	179	³	209	Ñ	239	ï

&xxx;	gives	&xxx;	gives
α	α	Α	Α
β	β	Β	Β
γ	γ	Γ	Γ
δ	δ	Δ	Δ
ε	ε	Ε	Ε
ζ	ζ	Ζ	Ζ
η	η	Η	Η
θ	θ	Θ	Θ
ι	ι	Ι	Ι
κ	κ	Κ	Κ
λ	λ	Λ	Λ
ν	ν	Ν	Ν
ξ	ξ	Ξ	Ξ
ο	ο	Ο	Ο
π	π	Π	Π
ρ	ρ	Ρ	Ρ
σ	σ	Σ	Σ
τ	τ	Τ	Τ
υ	υ	Υ	Υ
φ	φ	Φ	Φ
χ	χ	Χ	Χ
ψ	ψ	Ψ	Ψ
ω	ω	Ω	Ω

#	Symbol	#	Symbol	#	Symbol	#	Symbol	#	Symbol	#	Symbol	#	Symbol	#	Symbol
		60	<	90	Z	120	x	150	–	180	´	210	Ò	240	ð
		61	=	91	[	121	y	151	—	181	µ	211	Ó	241	ñ
		62	>	92	\	122	z	152	˜	182	¶	212	Ô	242	ò
33	!	63	?	93	]	123	{	153	™	183	·	213	Õ	243	ó
34	"	64	@	94	^	124	\|	154	š	184	¸	214	Ö	244	ô
35	#	65	A	95	_	125	}	155	›	185	¹	215	×	245	õ
36	$	66	B	96	`	126	~	156	œ	186	º	216	Ø	246	ö
37	%	67	C	97	a	127		157		187	»	217	Ù	247	÷
38	&	68	D	98	b	128	€	158	ž	188	¼	218	Ú	248	ø
39	'	69	E	99	c	129		159	Ÿ	189	½	219	Û	249	ù
40	(	70	F	100	d	130	‚	160		190	¾	220	Ü	250	ú
41	)	71	G	101	e	131	ƒ	161	¡	191	¿	221	Ý	251	û
42	*	72	H	102	f	132	„	162	¢	192	À	222	Þ	252	ü
43	+	73	I	103	g	133	…	163	£	193	Á	223	ß	253	ý
44	,	74	J	104	h	134	†	164	¤	194	Â	224	à	254	þ
45	-	75	K	105	i	135	‡	165	¥	195	Ã	225	á
46	.	76	L	106	j	136	ˆ	166	¦	196	Ä	226	â
47	/	77	M	107	k	137	‰	167	§	197	Å	227	ã
48	0	78	N	108	l	138	Š	168	¨	198	Æ	228	ä
49	1	79	O	109	m	139	‹	169	©	199	Ç	229	å
50	2	80	P	110	n	140	Œ	170	ª	200	È	230	æ
51	3	81	Q	111	o	141		171	«	201	É	231	ç
52	4	82	R	112	p	142	Ž	172	¬	202	Ê	232	è
53	5	83	S	113	q	143		173		203	Ë	233	é
54	6	84	T	114	r	144		174	®	204	Ì	234	ê
55	7	85	U	115	s	145	‘	175	¯	205	Í	235	ë
56	8	86	V	116	t	146	’	176	°	206	Î	236	ì
57	9	87	W	117	u	147	“	177	±	207	Ï	237	í
58	:	88	X	118	v	148	”	178	²	208	Ð	238	î
59	;	89	Y	119	w	149	•	179	³	209	Ñ	239	ï

&xxx;	gives	&xxx;	gives
α	α	Α	Α
β	β	Β	Β
γ	γ	Γ	Γ
δ	δ	Δ	Δ
ε	ε	Ε	Ε
ζ	ζ	Ζ	Ζ
η	η	Η	Η
θ	θ	Θ	Θ
ι	ι	Ι	Ι
κ	κ	Κ	Κ
λ	λ	Λ	Λ
ν	ν	Ν	Ν
ξ	ξ	Ξ	Ξ
ο	ο	Ο	Ο
π	π	Π	Π
ρ	ρ	Ρ	Ρ
σ	σ	Σ	Σ
τ	τ	Τ	Τ
υ	υ	Υ	Υ
φ	φ	Φ	Φ
χ	χ	Χ	Χ
ψ	ψ	Ψ	Ψ
ω	ω	Ω	Ω

#	Symbol	#	Symbol	#	Symbol	#	Symbol	#	Symbol	#	Symbol	#	Symbol	#	Symbol
		60	<	90	Z	120	x	150	–	180	´	210	Ò	240	ð
		61	=	91	[	121	y	151	—	181	µ	211	Ó	241	ñ
		62	>	92	\	122	z	152	˜	182	¶	212	Ô	242	ò
33	!	63	?	93	]	123	{	153	™	183	·	213	Õ	243	ó
34	"	64	@	94	^	124	\|	154	š	184	¸	214	Ö	244	ô
35	#	65	A	95	_	125	}	155	›	185	¹	215	×	245	õ
36	$	66	B	96	`	126	~	156	œ	186	º	216	Ø	246	ö
37	%	67	C	97	a	127		157		187	»	217	Ù	247	÷
38	&	68	D	98	b	128	€	158	ž	188	¼	218	Ú	248	ø
39	'	69	E	99	c	129		159	Ÿ	189	½	219	Û	249	ù
40	(	70	F	100	d	130	‚	160		190	¾	220	Ü	250	ú
41	)	71	G	101	e	131	ƒ	161	¡	191	¿	221	Ý	251	û
42	*	72	H	102	f	132	„	162	¢	192	À	222	Þ	252	ü
43	+	73	I	103	g	133	…	163	£	193	Á	223	ß	253	ý
44	,	74	J	104	h	134	†	164	¤	194	Â	224	à	254	þ
45	-	75	K	105	i	135	‡	165	¥	195	Ã	225	á
46	.	76	L	106	j	136	ˆ	166	¦	196	Ä	226	â
47	/	77	M	107	k	137	‰	167	§	197	Å	227	ã
48	0	78	N	108	l	138	Š	168	¨	198	Æ	228	ä
49	1	79	O	109	m	139	‹	169	©	199	Ç	229	å
50	2	80	P	110	n	140	Œ	170	ª	200	È	230	æ
51	3	81	Q	111	o	141		171	«	201	É	231	ç
52	4	82	R	112	p	142	Ž	172	¬	202	Ê	232	è
53	5	83	S	113	q	143		173		203	Ë	233	é
54	6	84	T	114	r	144		174	®	204	Ì	234	ê
55	7	85	U	115	s	145	‘	175	¯	205	Í	235	ë
56	8	86	V	116	t	146	’	176	°	206	Î	236	ì
57	9	87	W	117	u	147	“	177	±	207	Ï	237	í
58	:	88	X	118	v	148	”	178	²	208	Ð	238	î
59	;	89	Y	119	w	149	•	179	³	209	Ñ	239	ï

&xxx;	gives	&xxx;	gives
α	α	Α	Α
β	β	Β	Β
γ	γ	Γ	Γ
δ	δ	Δ	Δ
ε	ε	Ε	Ε
ζ	ζ	Ζ	Ζ
η	η	Η	Η
θ	θ	Θ	Θ
ι	ι	Ι	Ι
κ	κ	Κ	Κ
λ	λ	Λ	Λ
ν	ν	Ν	Ν
ξ	ξ	Ξ	Ξ
ο	ο	Ο	Ο
π	π	Π	Π
ρ	ρ	Ρ	Ρ
σ	σ	Σ	Σ
τ	τ	Τ	Τ
υ	υ	Υ	Υ
φ	φ	Φ	Φ
χ	χ	Χ	Χ
ψ	ψ	Ψ	Ψ
ω	ω	Ω	Ω